![]() This process can reduce endogenous bacteria, including coliforms, thus providing a safer, live oyster product for human consumption however, depuration of Vibrios has presented challenges. Depuration is a postharvest processing method that maintains oyster viability while they filter clean salt water that either continuously flows through a holding tank or is recirculated and replenished periodically. parahaemolyticus can possibly result in human illness and death in susceptible individuals. As Vibrio abundance increases in coastal waters worldwide, ingesting raw oysters contaminated with V. Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are two potentially pathogenic bacteria that can be concentrated in oysters during filter feeding. Drugs 2020, 18, 616 2 of 32 use the MBA, but highlighted the importance of comparing toxin data from the replacement method using local shellfish species of concern before implementing new methods in official control testing programs.Ĭonsumption of raw oysters, whether wild‐caught or aquacultured, may increase health risks for humans. This study demonstrated that effective replacement methods are available for countries that no longer wish to Mar. The LFA showed great potential for qualitative determination of PSP toxins, although the findings of high numbers of false-positive results and two false negatives highlighted that some caution is still needed when interpreting results. Good statistical correlations were demonstrated between the majority of quantitative results, with a notably excellent correlation between the current EU reference method using pre-column oxidation LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. For the majority of samples, qualitative results compared well between methods. A total of three hundred and forty-nine shellfish samples from Argentina, Mexico, Chile and Uruguay were assessed. The methods included a receptor binding assay (RBA), two liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) methods including both pre-column and post-column oxidation, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a commercial lateral flow assay (LFA) from Scotia. Consequently, this study sought to investigate the performance of five alternative PSP testing methods together with the MBA, comparing the PSP toxin data generated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The majority of validation studies conducted to date do not, however, incorporate shellfish species sourced from Latin America. Various assays have been developed which have been subjected to single-laboratory and multi-laboratory validation studies, gaining acceptance as official methods of analysis and approval for use in some countries as official control testing methods. With the move away from use of mouse bioassay (MBA) to test bivalve mollusc shellfish for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, countries around the world are having to adopt non-animal-based alternatives that fulfil ethical and legal requirements. The objective of this work is to describe the current status of some of these countries with reference to the safety control of molluscs exported to the EU. Clams can be exported to the EU market either frozen or live. Uruguay implemented a coastal monitoring program in 1980 for molluscs for domestic consumption and a control program for the exportation of wild clams. However, EU Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General (DG SANCO) is in the process of authorizing the exportation of live bivalve molluscs. Nowadays, Chile exports frozen molluscs and chilled eviscerated scallops to the European market. In 1989, Chile implemented the National Shellfish Sanitation Program to control the export of bivalve molluscs, which includes controls for the monitoring and harvesting in the production areas along its coast. ![]() No other bivalves are marketed, frozen or live, from Argentina to the EU. Currently, only the adductor muscle of frozen on board scallops, free of gonads and viscera, is exported to the EU. ![]() Argentina has been monitoring biotoxins in shellfish since 1980, and in 2006 began sanitary classification of harvesting areas. Nevertheless, these countries are in different stages of implementation of molluscan safety management in order to fulfill these regulations, which affect exports to EU destinations. Latin American countries which export shellfish products to the European Union (EU) as the main market are audited by Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) missions in order to verify that their control systems are reliable and equivalent with the EU regulation. It represents a challenge for exporting countries whose commodities have to comply with market requirements. Molluscan shellfish safety constitutes a major issue for South American countries in the context of shellfish fishery products.
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